
<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/">
  <dc:source>Foods</dc:source>
  <dc:source>volume: 14</dc:source>
  <dc:source>number: 3257</dc:source>
  <dc:rights>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode</dc:rights>
  <dc:description xml:lang="eng">Human norovirus (HuNoV), a primary cause of foodborne illness, is frequently transmitted
through contaminated berries. Serbia is a global producer of raspberries and other berries,
yet data on HuNoV prevalence and genogroup diversity are limited. This study aimed
to assess the prevalence, viral load, and genotypes of HuNoV circulating in raspberries
and blackberries marketed in Serbia. A total of 450 berry samples were collected in
2023 from orchards, cold storage facilities, local markets, and roadside vending stands.
Norovirus RNA was extracted using a modified ISO 15216-2 protocol. RT-qPCR positive
samples were subsequently quantified by digital RT-PCR (RT-dPCR). Genotyping employed
next-generation sequencing (NGS) of genome encoding major and minor capsid proteins,
supplemented by Sanger sequencing. Nineteen samples (4.2%) tested positive for HuNoV,
including four GI and fifteen GII strains, with higher prevalence in frozen (11.1%) than
fresh berries (2.0%). Viral loads ranged from 34–105 gc/g for GI and 23–658 gc/g for GII,
with medians of 72 and 153 gc/g, respectively. Genotypes GI.6, GII.2, GII.4, and GII.7 were
identified, each represented by more than two sublineages and multiple introduction
events detected by phylogenetic analysis. RT-dPCR provided precise quantification, while
NGS enabled genotype characterization, together supporting enhanced surveillance, risk
assessment, and management of norovirus contamination in berries destined for domestic
and international markets.</dc:description>
  <dc:subject xml:lang="eng">norovirus; berry; fruit; food safety; digital PCR; next generation sequencing</dc:subject>
  <dc:date>2025</dc:date>
  <dc:title xml:lang="eng">Detection of Norovirus from Berries in Serbia by Digital PCR and NGS</dc:title>
  <dc:language>eng</dc:language>
  <dc:identifier>https://unilib.phaidrabg.rs/o:8575</dc:identifier>
  <dc:identifier>doi:10.3390/foods14183257</dc:identifier>
  <dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
  <dc:format>2289133 bytes</dc:format>
  <dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
  <dc:creator id="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7577-8074">Velebit, Branko</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator id="https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0095-1498">Janković, Vesna</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Velebit, Marina</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Bošković, Tamara</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Jovanović, Milica</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator id="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2015-0033">Wang, Dapeng</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator id="https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2213-2612">Mišić, Dunja</dc:creator>
  <dc:publisher>MDPI</dc:publisher>
</oai_dc:dc>
