o:7951 Soil mosaic: A multi-modelling approach to understand the complex interactions that determine the spatial heterogeneity of soil health - An example from Serbia en Abstract: In this study, an integrated and explainable modelling framework is applied to assess soil health and its spatial heterogeneity in Eastern Serbia. The approach combines Network Analysis (NA), Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) and the Geodetector Model (GDM) to identify key soil indicators, reveal spatial patterns and quantify the influence of environmental factors. The main objectives were: (i) to develop a scalable and transferable methodology to assess soil health, (ii) to identify the most influential natural and anthropogenic factors and (iii) to create a Soil Health Disturbance Index (SHDI) to visualise the impact at ecosystem level. A total of 2,555 soil samples were analysed using fourteen key indicators, while nine environmental variables were considered as potential influencing factors. The network analysis identified pH, cadmium (Cd) and potassium (K) as the most central elements within the soil system. SOM clustering revealed five different spatial patterns associated with dominant soil processes, while GDM results emphasised soil type (Q = 0.26) and parent material (Q = 0.24) as the strongest individual influencing factors. In particular, interactive effects such as soil type ∩ soil erosion (Q = 0.47) indicated a significant nonlinear amplification of soil health disturbances. The SHDI results showed that 26.9 % of the region is categorised as highly disturbed, mainly in urban and industrial areas. Overall, the proposed framework enhances the diagnostic capacity for soil health assessment and offers practical support for sustainable soil management and evidence-based spatial planning. Soil health, Natural factors, Anthropogenic factors, Spatial heterogeneity 1552099 10.1016/j.compag.2025.110664 2025-07-09T12:20:55.198Z 44 no 46 Veljko Perović Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research ‘Siniˇsa Stankovi´c’ - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade 11108, Serbia 46 Vesna Mrvić Institute of Soil Science 0000-0002-6666-0875 46 Dragan Čakmak Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research ‘Siniˇsa Stankovi´c’ - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade 11108, Serbia 46 Biljana Sikirić Institute of Soil Science 0000-0002-8308-4582 46 Zoran Dinić Institute of Soil Science 0000-0003-4109-4106 46 Miroslava Mitrović Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research ‘Siniˇsa Stankovi´c’ - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade 11108, Serbia 46 Pavle Pavlović Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research ‘Siniˇsa Stankovi´c’ - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade 11108, Serbia application/pdf 13581213 https://unilib.phaidrabg.rs/o:7951 no yes 1 70 92000001 71A05 Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 2025