Обавештајни рад и дипломатија Intelligence and diplomacy http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode Lazić, Radojica Кључне речи: дипломатија, безбедност, обавештавање, обавештајни рад, службе безбедности, политичке одлуке Keywords: diplomacy, security, intelligence providing, intelligence work, security services, political decisions srp info:eu-repo/semantics/review Српска политичка мисао volume: 54 number: 4 startpage: 233 endpage: 250 2016 https://unilib.phaidrabg.rs/o:7807 ISSN: 0354-5989 Сажетак Савремене обавештајне и дипломатске активности везују се за настанак модерних држава. Ипак, од када историја памти и записује односе између друштвених група, постоји у извесној мери и облику и обавештајна активност и дипломатија. Скоро сви стари народи су имали неку врсту гласника за преговоре о миру, али исто тако и за објаву рата. Ваљани оба- вештајни подаци о противнику, веома често, били су одлучујући у постизању победе у ратовању. Познати кинески војсковођа и стратег Сун Цу, у делу Умеће ратовања, посебан значај придавао је обавештајном раду у сагледавању противника. С друге стране, већ у античком периоду се појављује свест о неопходној неповредивости изасланика – преговарача, а много година касније успостављају се и правила о томе. Већ са првим појавама организоване дипломатске активности поставља се врло јасна граница шта је дозвољено, а шта није. Оно што није до- звољено, односно што прелази ту границу, свакако, спада у оба- вештајну активност. У овом раду главни акцент истраживања фокусиран је на однос између обавештавања, као једне од основних функција ди- пломатских представника и обавештајног рада, као делатности служби безбедности. У покушају да се направи разлика између ових активности, на основу доступних извора, анализираће се и одређени примери из политичке праксе у различитим деловима света, као и политизацијa обавештајних података. Resume Intelligence activities and diplomacy are, of course, in function of realization of certain national interests. No democratic country can even imagine these two important functions to act without certain orders from the top authorities. Therefore it is quite understandable that they are interconnected, that certain activities of theirs are permeated and intertwined. That is why it is understandable that these two professions, very important for a state, have always been „shoulder to shoulder“. For these reasons it is quite clear that both intelligence work and diplomatic activities have greatly contributed to transferring of the pendulum of their competencies, sometimes consciously, sometimes unconsciously, to others` area. This paper unequivocally shows that what is common for both professions (each in its own way) is collection of certain data and informing political decision-makers on topics of interest in the domicile state. Diplomacy does it in a legal way, based on set norms of the international law. The rules of diplomacy, therefore, are subject to strict procedures within the framework of international relations. Informing on events in the domicile state by all allowed means is the basic principle of work of modern diplomacy. Intelligence activity and espionage, as the method of secret collection of data, is strictly sanctioned by national criminal-legislative norms. Hence the principal difference between informing - as the principal activity of diplomatic representatives – and intelligence work – as the method of secret activities for collection of most significant and well kept secrets of an opponent, i.e., a country against which it is acted and whose interests and most significant data are to be found – is in the manner of getting them. Diplomacy, using its apparatus, attempts to do it in that manner, respecting the binding norms of the international law, while intelligence officers do it with the help of special techniques and methods of operative activity, very often using illegal means and methods. Their „targets“ are most frequently institutions and individuals in the country of interest who are in possession of such information, which could be of extreme importance for gaining economic, military, political and other positions for the country for whose interests they act. The research has unequivocally shown that in circumstances of present international relations it is ever more difficult to draw the line between diplomacy and intelligence work. That is why we can say with certainty that these two activities are mutually permeated and intertwined. Very often some diplomatic activities, especially activities of secret diplomacy, when burning problems solving is in question, the issues of war and peace, resemble secret operations of security services. Examples given in this paper confirm this. Also, there are many examples showing the degree in which intelligence data were misused for the purpose of achieving certain political goals (politization of intelligence work). We should not forget or neglect the fact that intelligence data present a very significant factor in making political decisions. For these reasons it is quite understandable and normal that political decision-makers shall in some circumstances transfer intelligence data into a political action in order to realize a goal. The degree in which ethical principles of the said professions shall be violated depends on the interests to be achieved. Therefore it is quite understandable that the imperative of each state, especially for decision-makers of the most important issues, in a foreign policy domain, is to have accurate and precise data provided to them in due time, based on which they will be able to make the best possible decisions in the interest of their country, without neglecting in that the interests of the other side, and respecting the principal norms of the international law. application/pdf 189155 bytes