Haozhi, Ma Crowther, Thomas W. Lidong, Mo Maynard, Daniel S. Renner, Susanne S. van den Hoogen, Johan Yibiao, Zou Jingjing, Liang de-Miguel, Sergio Gert-Jan, Nabuurs Reich, Peter B. Ülo, Niinemets Meinrad, Abegg Adou Yao, Yves C. Alberti, Giorgio Almeyda Zambrano, Angelica M. Vilchez Alvarado, Braulio Alvarez-Dávila, Esteban Patricia Alvarez-Loayza, Patricia Alves, Luciana F. Ammer, Christian Antón-Fernández, Clara Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro Arroyo, Luzmila Avitabile, Valerio Aymard, Gerardo A. Baker, Timothy R. Bałazy, Radomir Banki, Olaf Barroso, Jorcely G. Bastian, Meredith L. Bastin, Jean-Francois Birigazzi, Luca Birnbaum, Philippe Bitariho, Robert Boeckx, Pascal Bongers, Frans Bouriaud, Olivier Brancalion, Pedro H. S. Brandl, Susanne Brearley, Francis Q. Brienen, Roel Broadbent, Eben N. Bruelheide, Helge Bussotti, Filippo Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto César, Ricardo G. Cesljar, Goran Chazdon, Robin Chen, Han Y. H. Chisholm, Chelsea Cho, Hyunkook Cienciala, Emil Clark, Connie Clark, David Colletta, Gabriel D. Coomes, David A. Cornejo Valverde, Fernando Corral-Rivas, José J. Crim, Philip M. Cumming, Jonathan R. Dayanandan, Selvadurai de Gasper, André L. Decuyper, Mathieu Derroire, Géraldine DeVries, Ben Djordjevic, Ilija Dolezal, Jiri Dourdain, Aurélie Laurier Engone Obiang, Nestor Brian J. Enquist, Brian J. Eyre, Teresa J. Belarmain Fandohan, Adandé Fayle, Tom M. Feldpausch, Ted R. Ferreira, Leandro V. Finér, Leena Fischer, Markus Fletcher, Christine Fridman, Jonas Frizzera, Lorenzo Gamarra, Javier G. P. Gianelle, Damiano Glick, Henry B. Harris, David J. Hector, Andrew Hemp, Andreas Hengeveld, Geerten Hérault, Bruno Herbohn, John L. Herold, Martin Hillers, Annika Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N. Hui, Cang Ibanez, Thomas T. Amaral, Iêda Imai, Nobuo Jagodziński, Andrzej M. Jaroszewicz, Bogdan Kvist Johannsen, Vivian Joly, Carlos A. Jucker, Tommaso Jung, Ilbin Karminov, Viktor Kartawinata, Kuswata Kearsley, Elizabeth Kenfack, David Kennard, Deborah K. Kepfer-Rojas, Sebastian Keppel, Gunnar Latif Khan, Mohammed Killeen, Timothy J. Seok Kim, Hyun Kitayama, Kanehiro Köhl, Michael Korjus, Henn Kraxner, Florian Kucher, Dmitry Laarmann, Diana Lang, Mait Lewis, Simon L. Lu, Huicui Lukina, Natalia V. Maitner, Brian S. Malhi, Yadvinder Marcon, Eric Schwantes Marimon, Beatriz Marimon-Junior, Ben Hur Marshall, Andrew R. Martin, Emanuel H. Meave, Jorge A. Melo-Cruz, Omar Mendoza, Casimiro Merow, Cory Monteagudo Mendoza, Abel Moreno, Vanessa S. Mukul, Sharif A. Mundhenk, Philip Nava-Miranda, María Guadalupe Neill, David Nevenic, Radovan V. Ngugi, Michael R. Niklaus, Pascal A. Oleksyn, Jacek Ontikov, Petr Ortiz-Malavasi, Edgar Pan, Yude Paquette, Alain Parada-Gutierrez, Alexander Parfenova, Elena I. Park, Minjee Parren, Marc Parthasarathy, Narayanaswamy Peri, Pablo L. Pfautsch, Sebastian Phillips, Oliver L. Picard, Nicolas Piedade, Maria Teresa F. Piotto, Daniel Nigel C. A. Pitman, Nigel C. A. Mendoza-Polo, Irina Poulsen, Axel D. Poulsen, John R. Pretzsch, Hans Ramirez Arevalo, Freddy Zorayda Restrepo-Correa, Zorayda Rodeghiero, Mirco Rolim, Samir G. Roopsind, Anand Rovero, Francesco Rutishauser, Ervan Saikia, Purabi Salas-Eljatib, Christian Saner, Philippe Schall, Peter Schelhaas, Mart-Jan Schepaschenko, Dmitry Scherer-Lorenzen, Michael Schmid, Bernhard Schöngart, Jochen Searle, Eric B. Seben, Vladimír Serra-Diaz, Josep M. Sheil, Douglas Shvidenko, Anatoly Z. Silva-Espejo, Javier E. Silveira, Marcos Singh, James Sist, Plinio Slik, Ferry Sonké, Bonaventure Souza, Alexandre F. Miścicki, Stanislaw Stereńczak, Krzysztof J. Svenning, Jens-Christian Svoboda, Miroslav Swanepoel, Ben Targhetta, Natalia Tchebakova, Nadja ter Steege, Hans Thomas, Raquel Tikhonova, Elena Umunay, Peter M. Usoltsev, Vladimir A. Valencia, Renato Valladares, Fernando van der Plas, Fons Van Do, Tran van Nuland, Michael E. Vasquez, Rodolfo M. Verbeeck, Hans Viana, Helder Vibrans, Alexander C. Vieira, Simone von Gadow, Klaus Wang, Hua-Feng Watson, James V. Werner, Gijsbert D. A. Westerlund, Bertil Wiser, Susan K. Wittmann, Florian Woell, Hannsjoerg Wortel, Verginia Zagt, Roderick Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, Tomasz Zhang, Chunyu Zhao, Xiuhai Zhou, Mo Zhu, Zhi-Xin Zo-Bi, Irie C. Zohner, Constantin M. Neldner, Victor J. Understanding what controls global leaf type variation in trees is crucial for comprehending their role in terrestrial ecosystems, including carbon, water and nutrient dynamics. Yet our understanding of the factors influencing forest leaf types remains incomplete, leaving us uncertain about the global proportions of needle-leaved, broadleaved, evergreen and deciduous trees. To address these gaps, we conducted a global, ground-sourced assessment of forest leaf-type variation by integrating forest inventory data with comprehensive leaf form (broadleaf vs needle-leaf) and habit (evergreen vs deciduous) records. We found that global variation in leaf habit is primarily driven by isothermality and soil characteristics, while leaf form is predominantly driven by temperature. Given these relationships, we estimate that 38% of global tree individuals are needle-leaved evergreen, 29% are broadleaved evergreen, 27% are broadleaved deciduous and 5% are needle-leaved deciduous. The aboveground biomass distribution among these tree types is approximately 21% (126.4 Gt), 54% (335.7 Gt), 22% (136.2 Gt) and 3% (18.7 Gt), respectively. We further project that, depending on future emissions pathways, 17–34% of forested areas will experience climate conditions by the end of the century that currently support a different forest type, highlighting the intensification of climatic stress on existing forests. By quantifying the distribution of tree leaf types and their corresponding biomass, and identifying regions where climate change will exert greatest pressure on current leaf types, our results can help improve predictions of future terrestrial ecosystem functioning and carbon cycling The global biogeography of tree leaf form and habit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode Nature https://unilib.phaidrabg.rs/o:3665 cobiss:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-023-01543-5 2023 Nature plants 9(1795) eng info:eu-repo/semantics/article application/pdf 3646697 bytes