o:10009 Ketosis as the Most Important Metabolic Disease in Dairy Cattle en Abstract: Ketosis is a major metabolic disorder in dairy cattle, particularly during the transition period, with profound implications for health, productivity, reproduction, immunity, and welfare. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the pathophysiology, risk factors, detection strategies, interventions, and broader impacts of ketosis, highlighting recent advances and identifying research priorities. Transition cows experience dramatic metabolic and hormonal changes around parturition, with negative energy balance triggering excessive mobilization of adipose tissue and hepatic lipid accumulation. Body condition, abdominal adiposity, and energy reserves are critical predictors of metabolic risk, influencing susceptibility to both clinical and subclinical ketosis. Recent multi-omics studies, including metabolomics and lipidomics, have revealed complex biochemical signatures that enhance understanding of disease mechanisms and provide potential biomarkers for early detection. Parallel research on the rumen microbiome emphasizes the role of microbial–host interactions in modulating energy balance, volatile fatty acid production, and inflammatory responses. Dysbiosis and altered microbial metabolites can exacerbate metabolic stress, linking gut ecology directly to hepatic function and ketone body accumulation. Advances in precision monitoring and sensor integration now enable continuous tracking of behavioral, physiological, and production parameters, facilitating predictive identification of at-risk cows. Nutritional interventions, including controlled-energy diets, glucogenic precursors, rumen-protected choline, and methionine, remain foundational, while pharmaceutical approaches and microbiome-targeted strategies, such as probiotics, yeast cultures, and experimental fecal microbiota transplantation, offer complementary avenues for prevention and management. Ketosis exerts wider systemic effects, impairing reproductive performance, suppressing immune function, increasing antimicrobial use, and compromising welfare. These consequences underscore the need for integrated management strategies that align productivity, health, and sustainability objectives. Despite advances, knowledge gaps persist in longitudinal validation of biomarkers, mechanistic understanding of host–microbe interactions, and practical implementation of precision tools across diverse farm settings. Future research should prioritize multi-omics integration, individualized intervention strategies, and evaluation of economic and sustainability outcomes. Keywords: Subclinical ketosis; transition cow; metabolomics; lipidomics; rumen microbiome; precision dairy farming 2026-07-16T09:56:19.138Z 44 yes 46 Nikola Puvača Fakultet za ekonomiju i inženjerski menadžment u Novom Sadu 0000-0002-5500-7010 Dragan Glamočić person Maria Antonietta Colonna person Vincenzo Tufarelli person 2026 application/pdf 716870 https://unilib.phaidrabg.rs/o:10009 no yes 16 70 92000002 2026-06-02 Journal of Agronomy, Technology and Engineering Management 9 3 1960 1984 2026